Artificial Immune System (AIS) is a hotspot in the area of Computational Intelligence. While the Multi-Objective Optimization (MOP) problem is one of the most widely applied NP-Complete problems. During the past decade more than ten kinds of Multi-Objective optimization algorithms based on AIS were proposed and showed outstanding abilities in solving this kind of problem. The paper presents a general framework of Multi-Objective Immune Algorithms, which summarizes a uniform outline of this kind of algorithms and gives a description of its principles, mainly used operators and processing methods. Then we implement the proposed framework and build four typical immune algorithms on it: CLONALG, MISA, NNIA and CMOIA. The experiment results showed the framework is very suitable to develop the various multi-objective optimization immune algorithms.

Use case size point (USP) method has been proposed to estimate object oriented software development effort in early phase of software project and used in a lot of software organizations. Intuitively, USP is measured by counting the number of actors, preconditions, post conditions, scenarios included in use case models. In this paper have presented a Adaptive fuzzy Neural Network model to estimate the effort of object oriented software using Use Case size Point approach. In our proposed system adaptive neural network fuzzy use case size point has less error and system worked more accurate and appropriative than prior methods.

Medical practitioners are increasingly using digital images during disease diagnosis. Several state-of-the-art medical equipment are producing images of different organs, which are used during various stages of analysis. Examples of such equipment include MRI, CT, ultrasound and X-Ray. In medical image processing, image denoising has become a very essential exercise all through the diagnosis as Ultrasound images are normally affected by speckle noise. The noise in the image has two negative outcomes, the first being the degradation of the image quality and the second and more important, obscures important information required for accurate diagnosis.Arbitration between the perpetuation of useful diagnostic information and noise suppression must be treasured in medical images. In general we rely on the intervention of a proficient to control the quality of processed images. In certain cases, for instance in Ultrasound images, the noise can suppress the information which is valuable for the general practitioner. Consequently medical images can be very inconsistent, and it is crucial to operate case to case. This paper presents a wavelet-based thresholding scheme for noise suppression in Ultrasound images and provides the knowledge about adaptive and anisotropic diffusion techniques for speckle noise removal from different types of images, like Ultrasound.

This paper considers the trajectory tracking control of linear inverted pendulum (IP) system. First the linearized model of IP is derived to facilitate the control design. To avoid non robust reaching phase, integral sliding mode control (ISMC) has been proposed but single variable case is tested. Linear IP is a multivariable system having angle of pendulum and position of cart are two variables to be controlled. In control design, the LQR control is designed as a nominal control to get the desired trajectory. Then discontinuous control using integral sliding mode(ISM) is introduced to get desired trajectory tracking in the presence of uncertainties. This control is robust to the model uncertainties and disturbances during entire motion of the states. The simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of proposed control scheme. The results are compared with LQR control to show the integral sliding mode control is having better tracking performance in the presence of uncertainties.

In Digital Image Processing, Median Filter is used to reduce the noise in an image. The median filter considers each pixel in the image and replaces the noisy pixel by the median of the neighbourhood pixels. The median value is calculated by sorting the pixels. Sorting in turn consists of comparator which includes adders and multiplier. Multiplication is a fundamental operation in arithmetic computing systems and is used in many DSP applications such as FIR Filters. The adder circuit is used as a main component in the multiplier circuits. The Carry Save Array (CSA) multiplier is designed by using the proposed adder cell based on multiplexing logic. The proposed adder circuit is designed by using Shannon theorem.The multiplier circuits are schematised and their layouts are generated by using VLSI CAD tools. The proposed adder based multiplier circuits are simulated and results are compared with CPL and other circuit designed using Shannon based adder cell in terms of power and area and the intermediate state involved in the circuit is eliminated.The proposed adder based multiplier circuits are simulated by using 90nm feature size and with various supply voltages. The Shannon full adder circuit based multiplier circuits gives better performance than other published results in terms of power dissipation and area due to less number of transistors used in Shannon adder circuit.

Touch-less fingerprint recognition system is a reliable alternative to conventional touch-based fingerprint recognition system. Touch-less system is different from conventional system in the sense that they make use of digital camera to acquire the fingerprint image where as conventional system uses live-acquisition techniques. The conventional fingerprint systems are simple but they suffer from various problems such as hygienic, maintenance and latent fingerprints. In this paper we present a review of touch-less fingerprint recognition systems that use digital camera. We present some challenging problems that occur while developing the touch-less system. These problems are low contrast between the ridge and the valley pattern on fingerprint image, non-uniform lighting, motion blurriness and defocus, due to less depth of field of digital camera. The touch-less fingerprint recognition system can be divided into three main modules: preprocessing, feature extraction and matching. Preprocessing is an important step prior to fingerprint feature extraction and matching. In this paper we put our more emphasis on preprocessing so that the drawbacks stated earlier can be removed. Further preprocessing is divided into four parts: first is normalization, second is fingerprint Segmentation, third is fingerprint enhancement and last is the core point detection. Feature extraction can be done by Gabor filter or by minutia extraction and the matching can be done by Support Vector Machine or Principal Component Analysis and three distance method.

In this paper, we would like to propose a new microring resonator structure based on 6x6 Generalized Mach Zehnder interferometer (GMZI) using silicon waveguides. It is showed that this new kind of the devices works as three separated microring resonators. This characteristic of the device leads to a variety of tasks important to optical communications, including switching, filtering, add-drop multiplexing, sensing and modulation. In our study, silicon waveguides are used for designing the proposed devices. The transfer matrix method (TMM) and the three dimensional beam propagation methods (3D-BPM) are used to optimally design the device.