IJWMT Vol. 15, No. 2, 8 Apr. 2025
Cover page and Table of Contents: PDF (size: 1084KB)
PDF (1084KB), PP.10-25
Views: 0 Downloads: 0
ADTEEN, Base Station (BS), BCDCP, HEED, LEACH, NHRP, MATLAB, PEGASIS, SEP, SHPER, TEEN, X-LEACH, VGA, WSN
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are critical in a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and other areas. However, their effectiveness is frequently restricted due to sensor nodes' low energy resources. The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is commonly used to improve energy efficiency in WSNs. Despite its benefits, LEACH has substantial downsides, such as uneven energy distribution and poor cluster head selection, which results in a shorter network lifetime. To address these limitations, we presented the Extended Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (X-LEACH) protocol, which includes enhanced cluster head selection methods and balanced energy utilization. This paper presents a comparative analysis of X-LEACH performance using extensive simulation experiments. The primary aim of this study is to carry a comparative analysis to evaluate X-LEACH's performance across various network scenarios, including sparsely and densely populated nodes, increased number of rounds, and increasing the initial energy of nodes. Critical performance metrics such as the number of dead nodes per round, number of live nodes per round, total remaining energy per round, packet delivery ratio per round throughput per round, and the number of cluster heads formed per round were used. The study analysed the performance of X-LEACH with the traditional LEACH and SEP as the benchmark protocols protocol. Simulation results indicate that X-LEACH significantly improves energy efficiency and network lifespan compared to LEACH and SEP protocols in all the scenarios.
Peter Maina Mwangi, "A Comparative Analysis of Extended Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (X-Leach) Routing Protocol", International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies(IJWMT), Vol.15, No.2, pp. 10-25, 2025. DOI:10.5815/ijwmt.2025.02.02
[1]P. Bhavesh, P. Kunal, and A. Christian, “Optimization of Leach Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network,” International Journal of Computer Applications ns (0975 – 8887), vol. Volume 93, pp. 26-28, 2014.
[2]L. Yang, D. Zhang, L. Li, and e. al, “Energy efficient cluster-based routing protocol for WSN using multi-strategy fusion snake optimizer and minimum spanning tree,” Scientific Reports, vol. 1, no. 1, 2024.
[3]O. Younis and S. Fahmy, “Distributed Clustering in Ad-hoc Sensor Networks: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient,” EEE INFOCOM 2004, p. 640, 2004.
[4]S. Chand, S. Singh and B. Kumar, “Heterogeneous HEED Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Wireless Personal Communications volume, p. 2117–2139, 2014.
[5]T. Asis Kumar and S. Chinara, “Comparison of Residual Energy-Based Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Network,” International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012.
[6]A. Sharma and R. Singh, “Design Issues and Parameters for Cluster Head Selection in Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 218-222, 2015.
[7]A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, “TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks,” Proceedings 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium., pp. 2009-2015, 2001.
[8]H. Mohapatra, S. Debnath, and A. K. Rath, “Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Network Through EB-LEACH,” International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, pp. 56-60, 2019.
[9]L. Almazaydeh, E. Abdelfattah, M. Al-bzoor and A. Al-rahayfeh, “Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks,,” International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 64-73, 2010.
[10]A. Manjeshwar and D. Agrawal, “A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless,” Proceedings 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, pp. 1-8, 2002.
[11]J. Al-Karaki, R. Ul-Mustafa, and A. Kamal, “Data aggregation in wireless sensor networks - exact and approximate algorithms,” Workshop on High-Performance Switching and Routing, pp. 241-245, 2004.
[12]D. Kandris, P. Tsioumas, A. Tzes, G. Nikolakopoulos and D. D. Vergados, “Power Conservation Through Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensors, vol. 9, pp. 7320-7342, Sensors.
[13]S. D. Muruganathan, D. C. F. Ma, R. I. Bhasin, and A. O. Fapojuwo, “A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 8-13, 2005.
[14]J. J. Lotf, M. N. Bonab, and S. Khorsandi, “A Novel cluster-based routing protocol with extending lifetime for wireless sensor networks,” 5th IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN '08), pp. 1-5, 2008.
[15]J. J. Lotf, M. N. Bonab, and S. Khorsandi, “A Novel cluster-based routing protocol with extending lifetime for wireless sensor networks,” 5th IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN '08), pp. 1-5, 2008.
[16]G. Smaragdakis, I. Matta and Bestavros, “A. SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for Clustered Heterogeneous,” in In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Sensor and ActorNetwork protocol and applications, Boston.
[17]C. Nakas, D. Kandris, and G. Visvardis, “Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey,” Algorithms, pp. 2-66, 2020.
[18]W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2000.
[19]A. Singh, S. Rathkanthiwar and S. Kakde, “LEACH based-energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), pp. 4654-4658, 2016.
[20]G. Smaragdakis, I. Matta and A. Bestavros, “SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for Clustered Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks,” Second International Workshop on Sensor and Actor Network Protocols and Applications, pp. 1-11, 2004.
[21]M. A. Dars, Q. ZhenSaifullah, AdnanBisma, and G. Gull, “Research of improvement on LEACH and SEP routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE International Conference on Control and Robotics Engineering (ICCRE), pp. 1-5, 2016.
[22]D. Cai and D. Zhu, “Research and simulation of energy efficient protocol for wireless sensor network,” 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology, vol. Vol 1, 2010.
[23]H.Oudani, S.Krit, M. Kabrane, K. Karimi, M. Elasikri, K. Bendaoud, H. E. Bousty, and L. Elmaimouni, “Minimize energy consumption in wireless sensor network using hierarchical protocols,” International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS), pp. 1-9, 2017.
[24]P. B. A. D. K. S. Saheb, “Improved LEACH Protocol Based on K-Means Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network.,” International Journal of Electronics & Communication Technology, pp. 28-32, 2018.
[25]K. Maraiya, K. Kant and N. Gupta, “Efficient Cluster Head Selection Scheme for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Network,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. Volume 23, pp. 10-18, 2011.
[26]F. Fanian, M. K. Rafsanjani and V. K. Bardsiri, “A Survey of Advanced LEACH-based Protocols,” International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, vol. Vol.7, pp. .1-16, 2016.
[27]K. Shukla, “Research On Energy Efficient Routing Protocol LEACH For Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. Vol 2, no. issue 3, pp. 1-5, 2013.
[28]F. Li and L. Huang, “CRPCG—Clustering Routing Protocol based on Connected Graph,” International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications, vol. Volume 3, pp. 11-18, 2011.
[29]S. V. Purkar and R. S. Deshpande, “Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol to Enhance Performance of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network,” Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, pp. 2090-2091, 2018.
[30]A. Bilal and L. T. Lilien, “Comparison by Simulation of Energy Consumption and WSN Lifetime for LEACH and LEACH-SM,” Procedia Computer Science, pp. 180-187, 2014.
[31]A. Singh, S. Rathkanthiwar and S. Kakde, “LEACH based-energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), pp. 4654-4658, 2016.
[32]A. Muhammad, Z. Qian, A. Saifullah, and B. Gull, “Research of improvement on LEACH and SEP routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE International Conference on Control and Robotics Engineering (ICCRE), pp. 1-5, 2016.
[33]K.Ramesh and D. K.Somasundaram, “K.Ramesh and D. K.Somasundaram, A Comparative Study Of Clusterhead Selection Algorithms In Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES, vol. VOL 2, pp. 153- 164, 2011.
[34]A. Al‐Baz and A. El‐Sayed, “A new algorithm for cluster head selection in LEACH,” Int Journal Communication Systems, vol. Vol 1, pp. 1-13, 2017.