Ultrasound is mostly used for diagnosis to deal with the specific abnormality in human body. To observe the internal organs including liver, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid gland, ovaries etc. ultrasound can be used. In diagnostic applications, 2 to 18 MHz frequencies are used. The sound wave explorations occurred through soft tissue and fluids. It bounces back as echoes from denser surfaces and creates an image. While producing ultrasound images from echo signal speckle noise is induced in a multiplicative way. Thus, speckle becomes the key challenge for ultrasound imaging. Several speckle reducing linear, non-linear and anisotropic diffusion-based methods are implemented to preserve the sharp edges of ultrasound images. Those methods contain lake of smoothing and edge preservation. However, this research proposed a combined method of adaptive filter (wiener) and anisotropic diffusion (modified Perona Malik) for speckle reduction of 2D ultrasound images by retain the important anatomical features. A comparison of all the existing methods studied based on the simulated experiment. To test the methods liver, kidney, heart and pancreas noise free images are used. Then, speckle noise is manually added with distinguished variance in between 0.02 and 0.20. Quality metrics are used to test the performance and show the improvements of the proposed method. About 71.79% structure similarity (SSIM), 66.72% root mean square error (RMSE), 56.93% signal to noise ratio (SNR), and 62.30% computational time are improved on average compared with the other methods.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is the new network paradigm whose primary focus is to create a dynamic, scalable and flexible network. It provides programmable functions for implementation of network configuration management. The demand for wireless network functionality is rising simultaneously. Mobility management for a large network is an issue in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). There are also a number of solutions to support mobility within the network. The Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) is used for managing mobility. Furthermore, for the SDN platform, mobility adds roaming capability for mobile nodes in the software-defined wireless network (SDWN). In the wired scenario, SDN has different capabilities to deliver network services according to the fixed node. This study provides a quality of service (QoS) analysis in both SDN and SDWN. Mininet WiFi and RYU network emulator as a controller is used to implement the mobility API. The random walk model is applied as mobility functionality toward the final nodes. Moreover, several QoS measurement matrices are analyzed according to the network topology. At the end, round trip time (RTT), cumulative distributed function (CDF), packet loss and throughput are analyzed for quality of service comparable in the SDN and SDWN scenarios according to the MIP.