Drink-driving and over-speeding of vehicles are the major causes of injuries and deaths on the road globally and South Africa (SA) is not an exception. Different systems which are currently used in detecting high alcohol concentration in drivers’ breath and detecting vehicles that exceeds stipulated speed limit are not effective, efficient and poses health risks to traffic personnel. In an attempt to provide effective solutions to these challenges, this paper proposed a smart transportation system for real-time detection of drink-driving and over-speeding on the roads using technology of vehicular networks. The objective is to allow for early intervention by traffic personnel aim at saving lives before actual accident occurred. We designed a theoretical framework of the system and implemented an application prototype which is web-based for use by traffic personnel to monitor the detection of traffic offenders in the capacity of drink-driving and over-speeding. We presented and discussed the operation of the system as well as the functionalities it offers. Additionally, we utilized the application to simulate the actual system and based on its working, we found that the system is feasible and can accomplish the tasks of road safety more effective than the existing approaches.

Refactoring is used to improve deteriorated software design, code and their maintainability. In object-oriented (OO) code, before refactoring is performed, its opportunities must be identified and several approaches exist this regard. Among the approaches is the software metric-based approach where quality software metrics are used. Therefore, this paper provide analysis of existing empirical studies that utilized software metrics to identify refactoring opportunities in OO software systems. We performed a comprehensive analysis on 16 studies to identify the state-of-the-practice. The focal point was on the workings, refactoring activities, the programming language and the impact on software quality. The results obtained shows approaches were not unique, each was designed either for a single refactoring activity or couple of them, move method and extract class dominated the refactorings activities, and most approaches were fully automated while few were semi-automated. Moreover, OO metrics played acritical role in both opportunities detection and factoring decisions. Based on the results, it would be beneficial if generic refactoring approach is developed that is capable of identifying needs for all refactoring activities.

Effective and efficient public service delivery like healthcare services are very important in today’s society, especially in the rural areas. People in rural areas are expected to have access to public facilities at all times. However, these services are not always available when they are needed. This paper discusses the problems faced by rural areas of Mafikeng in South Africa (SA) when public and basic healthcare facilities like medical ambulance transports are needed during emergency situation. The challenges ranges from poor communication, poor road network and unstructured address to non-arrival of ambulances leading loss of lives that are preventable. This paper designed and implemented a system prototype using mobile application technologies to offer cost-effective services to patients during emergencies. It is intended to reduce long queues in hospitals and long waiting periods for an ambulance via location-based services. By using this application, lives in the rural areas can be made easier and loss of lives prevented by providing timely response from the appropriate healthcare providers during emergencies.