A new form of wireless sensor networks is emerging as an important component of the Internet of Things (IoT) where camera devices are interconnected and endowed with an IP address to form visual sensor networks. The applications of these networks span from smart parking systems in smart cities, video surveillance for security systems to healthcare monitoring and many others which are emerging from niche areas. The management of such sensor networks will require meeting a higher quality of service (QoS) constraints than demanded from traditional sensor networks. While many works have focused only on energy efficiency as a way of providing QoS in sensor networks, we consider a novel modelling approach where local optimizations implemented on the sensor nodes are translated into pheromone distribution used in ant colony optimization for path computation. We propose a routing protocol called the multipath ant colony optimization (MACO) that finds QoS-aware routing paths for the sensor readings from source nodes to the sink by relying on four local parameters: the link cost, the remaining energy of neighboring nodes, sensor nodes location information and the amount of data a neighbor node is currently processing. Finally, we propose an architecture for integrating sensor data with the cloud computing. Simulation results reveal the relative efficiency of the newly proposed approach compared to selected related routing protocols in terms of several QoS metrics. These include the network energy efficiency, delay and throughput.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become a popular research area that is widely gaining the attraction from both the researchers and the practitioner communities due to their wide area of applications. These include real time sensing for audio delivery, imaging, video streaming, environmental monitoring, industrial applications and remote monitoring. WSNs are constrained with limited energy due to their physical size. In order to maximize network lifetime, efficient use of limited sensor nodes energy resources is important. Energy efficient routing protocol for maximum lifetime in wireless sensor networks (EERPM) is proposed. Sensor nodes lifetime optimization models are formulated subject to energy consumption constraint, data flow conservation constraint, maximum data rate constraint and link capacity constraint. The models are used to solve mathematical models for the maximum lifetime routing problems. Sensor nodes transmit their data packets based on the link capacity that is inference free among the sets of links. Moreover, algorithms are developed for coverage of sensor nodes and maximization of lifetime for sensor nodes. Simulation results show that EERPM performs better than MLCS, MLCAL and AEEC protocols. It can reduce data gathering latency and achieve load balancing. Finally, the proposed method extends network lifetime compared to the related selected protocols.