Gene Ontology (GO) is an important bioinformatics scheme to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species. Measuring similarity or distance between GO terms is a key step for determining hidden relationship between genes. The notion of similarity between GO terms is a usual step in knowledge discovery related tasks. In literature various similarity measures between GO terms have been proposed. We have introduced a novel similarity measure scheme to improve three conventional similarity measures to reduce their limitations. The salient feature of the proposed GO Semantic Similarity (gSemSim) measure is its ability to show more realistic similarity between concepts in perspective of domain knowledge. A comparative result with other technique has also been presented that showing an improved contextual meaning of the proposed semantic similarity. This study is expected to assist the community of bio informaticians in the selection of better similarity measure required for correct annotations of genes in gene ontology.

Classification of regional territories and countries related to endangered species has been investigated by data mining techniques and graphical modeling using an extensive data set of species. We developed the graphical models (hereafter referred to as ‘ESDI’) using cosine, jaccard similarity, K Mean clustering and cliques in graph modeling for a large number of countries. Environmental variables associated with species records were identified in context of their diversification to integration with our proposed prototype. We have shown that the problem of finding the most coherent clusters is reducible to finding maximum clique. Key findings include the urge to ameliorate communication about the loss and protection of endangered species and their concerned projects. The proposed framework is presented to serves a portal to knowledge discovery. We have concluded that the proposed framework model and its associated data mining similarity measures can be useful for investigating various scientific and management oriented questions related to protection of endangered species with emphasis on collaboration among regional countries. The rationale behind the proposed approach is that the countries which have been grouped into same clique inherit a lot of argues illustrating common reasons of their struggles towards ecological safety with minimization of perils for endangered species. The development and implementation of a regional approach based on this similar grouping address the actions that could offer significant benefits in achieving their goal for ecological policies. Other critical actions at this clique level include fortifying and elevating harmonization of legal frameworks with emphasis on prevention procedural issues; awareness realizations of endangered species issues and its priority. Such actions will eventually lead towards implementation of essential plans fulfilling co-operative expertise and common endeavors.