Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. In this paper, a new method is developed based on the flower pollination algorithm combined with chaos theory (IFPCH) to solve definite integral. The definite integral has wide ranging applications in operation research, computer science, mathematics, mechanics, physics, and civil and mechanical engineering. Definite integral has always been useful in biostatistics to evaluate distribution functions and other quantities. Numerical simulation results show that the algorithm offers an effective way to calculate numerical value of definite integrals, and it has a high convergence rate, high accuracy and robustness.

It is considered that learner autonomy places a great emphasis on learners’ role as independent learners who are able to take control over their learning. That is not to say, teachers become redundant in a classroom. In contrast, the key role of the teacher is to create and maintain learning community. Accordingly, this study attempted to investigate EFL teachers’ perceptions of the promotion of learner autonomy and their teaching practices in a Thai context. It was quantitative-focused research, so data were obtained via a closed-ended questionnaire. The participants consisted of thirty EFL teachers who were teaching English at a Thai university. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed ranks test were employed. The results showed that the participants could perceive the concept of learner autonomy and roles of teachers in autonomous language learning, yet most of them found it difficult to apply their knowledge about learner autonomy in this context. It is hoped that these preliminary findings partly contribute to literature regarding the promotion of learner autonomy in an EFL context.

College students with left-behind experience are a special group and have different characteristics compared to students without left-behind experience. Based on investigation, college students with left-behind experience and interview some students around at them, this paper analyzed the basic situations of the college students with left-behind experience, as well as the key factors leading to these situations. Finally, the corresponding suggestions and expectations to improve the situations are put forward.