A New Research Resource for Optical Recognition of Embossed and Hand-Punched Hindi Devanagari Braille Characters: Bharati Braille Bank

Full Text (PDF, 639KB), PP.19-28

Views: 0 Downloads: 0

Author(s)

Shreekanth.T 1,* V.Udayashankara 2

1. JSS Research Foundation, Mysore, India.

2. Department of IT, SJCE, Mysore, India

* Corresponding author.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijigsp.2015.06.03

Received: 21 Jan. 2015 / Revised: 5 Mar. 2015 / Accepted: 10 Apr. 2015 / Published: 8 May 2015

Index Terms

Bharati Braille, Grade-I, Hand punched, Hindi Devanagari, Inter-point, OBR

Abstract

To develop a Braille recognition system, it is required to have the stored images of Braille sheets. This paper describes a method and also the challenges of building the corpora for Hindi Devanagari Braille. A few Braille databases and commercial software's are obtainable for English and Arabic Braille languages, but none for Indian Braille which is popularly known as Bharathi Braille. However, the size and scope of the English and Arabic Braille language databases are limited. Researchers frequently develop and self-evaluate their algorithm based on the same private data set and report its behavior using ad-hoc measures of performance. There is no well-defined benchmark database for comparative performance evaluation of results obtained. The developed Braille database, Bharati Braille-Bank, is a large and well characterized information of Braille documents and its related data for use by the research community working in Optical Braille Recognition (OBR) for Bharati Braille. In the present form it includes databases of embossed double sided, embossed single sided, skewed, Hand punched and images with varying resolutions of Hindi Braille. The objective of this work is to stimulate current research and new investigations in the study of Hindi OBR. Without common databases such as those provided by Braille Bank it is impossible to resolve certain contradictory research results. To overcome this problem, Braille Bank provides facilities for the comparative analysis of the data and the evaluation of proposed algorithms with the standard database. In addition, it provides free access to the developed database in the form of Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). This work is a step forward in the direction of development of standards for Hindi Devanagari Braille data collection for Indian languages. The mission of the resource is to accelerate the development of OBR for Bharati Braille. 

Cite This Paper

Shreekanth.T, V.Udayashankara,"A New Research Resource for Optical Recognition of Embossed and Hand-Punched Hindi Devanagari Braille Characters: Bharati Braille Bank", IJIGSP, vol.7, no.6, pp.19-28, 2015. DOI: 10.5815/ijigsp.2015.06.03

Reference

[1]J. Mennens, L. Van Tichelen, G. Francosis and J. Engelen. "Optical recognition of Braille writing", Proceedings of second international conference on Document analysis and Recognition, IEEE Oct-1993, pp. 428-431. 

[2]J. Mennens, L. Van Tichelen, G. Francosis and J. Engelen. "Optical Recognition of Braille Writing Using Standard Equipment", IEEE transactions of rehabilitation engineering, Vol. 2, No. 4, Dec 1994. 

[3]T. W .Hentzschel, and P. Blenkhorn. "An Optical Reading Systems for Embossed Braille Characters using a Twin Shadows Approach", Journal of Microcomputer Applications, 1995, pp. 341-345. 

[4]R .T. Ritchings, A. Antonacopoulos and D .Drakopoulos. "Analysis of Scanned Braille Documents", In: Dengel, A., Spitz, A.L. (eds.): Document Analysis Systems, World Scientific Publishing Company 1995, pp. 413–421. 

[5]Y. Oyama, T. Tajima, and H. Koga. "Character Recognition of Mixed Convex- Concave Braille Points and Legibility of Deteriorated Braille Points", System and Computer in Japan, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1997. 

[6]C.M. Ng, V.Ng and Y.Lau. "Regular feature extraction for recognition of Braille", Third International conference on computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, 1999, pp. 302—306. 

[7]A. Antonacopoulos and D. Bridson. "A Robust Braille Recognition System", Document Analysis Systems VI, A. Dengel and S. Marinai (Eds.), Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 3163, 2004, pp. 533-545. 

[8]L. Wong, W. Abdulla and S. Hussmann. "A Software Algorithm Prototype for Optical Recognition of Embossed Braille", 17th Conference of the International Conference in Pattern Recognition, Cambridge, UK, IEEE-2004, pp. 23–26. 

[9]N. Falcon, C. M. Travieso, J. B. Alonso and M. A. Ferrer. "Image Processing Techniques for Braille writing Recognitor", EUROCAST 2005, LNCS 3643. 

[10]A. Malik Al-Salman, Y. ALOHAI, M. Alkanhal and A. Airajith. "An Arabic Optical Braille Recognition System", ICTA Apr 2007, pp.12-14. 

[11]A. Malik S. Al-Salman, A. El-Zaart, Y. Al-Suhaibani, K. Al-Hokail and A. O. Al-Qabbany. "An Efficient Braille Cells Recognition", IEEE-2010. 

[12]J. Yin, L. Wang and J. Li. "The Research on Paper-mediated Braille Automatic Recognition Method", Fifth International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology, IEEE-2010, pp. 619-624. 

[13]J. Li and X. Yan. "Optical Braille Character Recognition with Support-Vector Machine Classifier", International Conference on Computer Application and System Modelling, 2010. 

[14]S. D. Al-Shamma and S. Fathi. "Arabic Braille Recognition and Transcription into Text and Voice", 5th Cairo International Biomedical Engineering Conference Cairo, Egypt, Dec 2010. 

[15]Z. Tai, S. Cheng, P. K. Verma and Y. Zhai. "Braille document recognition using Belief Propagation", Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 21(7): 722-730 (2010). 

[16]A. Al-Saleh, A. El-Zaart and A. Malik Al-Salman. "Dot Detection of Braille Images Using A Mixture of Beta Distributions", 2011 Journal of Computer Science ISSN 1549-3636, pp. 1749-1759. 

[17]J. Bhattacharya, S.Majumder and G.Sanyal. "Automatic Inspection of Braille character: A Vision based approach", International Journal of computer and Organization trends – volume1, Issue3, 2011, ISSN: 2249-2593, pp. 19-26 .

[18]M. Wajid, M. Waris Abdullah and O. Farooq. "Imprinted Braille-Character Pattern Recognition using Image Processing Techniques", International Conference on Image Information Processing, 2011. 

[19]R. Ismail Zaghloul and T. Jameel Bani-Ata. "Braille Recognition System – With a Case Study Arabic Braille Documents", European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X, Vol.62, No.1, 2011, pp. 116-122. 

[20]N. Falcon, C. M. Travieso, J. B. Alonso and M. A Ferrer, "Image Processing Techniques for Braille writing Recognitor", EUROCAST 2005, LNCS 3643.

[21]Z. Authman and Z. F. Jebr, "Algorithm Prototype for Regular Feature Extraction of Arabic Braille Scripts" International Journal of Scientific Knowledge Computing and Information Technology ISSN 2305-1493, February 2013. Vol. 2, No.1, pp. 20-27 .

[22]S. Halder, A. Hasnat, A. Khatun, D. Bhattacharjee and M. Nasipuri, "Development of a Bangla Character Recognition (BCR) System for Generation of Bengali Text from Braille Notation", International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering , ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-3, Issue-1, June 2013.

[23]S. Padmavathi, K.S.S Manojana, S. Sphoorthy Reddy and D. Meenakshy, "Conversion of Braille to Text in English, Hindi and Tamil Languages", International Journal of Computer science, Engineering and Applications, Vol.3, No.3, June 2013.

[24]S. Srinath and C. N. Ravi Kumar, "Recognition of Hand Punched Kannada Braille Characters Using Knowledge Based Multi Decision Concept: Basic Symbols", Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Computing Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol. 174, 2012, pp 847-857. 

[25]"World Braille Usage". Third Edition. Perkins. International Council on English Braille. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. 

[26]World Braille Usage. UNESCO. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. Library of Congress. Washington, D.C., USA. 1990.

[27]C. Arun Kumar, T. Shreekanth and V. Udayashankara, "Development of Speech Database for Hindi Text to Speech system Considering Syllable as a Basic Unit", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol. 4, 2014, pp. 531-549.