IJIGSP Vol. 8, No. 10, 8 Oct. 2016
Cover page and Table of Contents: PDF (size: 592KB)
Full Text (PDF, 592KB), PP.11-18
Views: 0 Downloads: 0
Eye blink detection, Fisher Faces, Mean Intensity, HOG features, Artificial Neural Network, SVM classifier
Eye blink detection has gained a lot of interest in recent years in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Research is being conducted all over the world for developing new Natural User Interfaces (NUI) that uses eye blinks as an input. This paper presents a comparison of five non-intrusive methods for eye blink detection for low resolution eye images using different features like mean intensity, Fisher faces and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and classifiers like Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial neural network (ANN). A comparative study is performed by varying the number of training images and in uncontrolled lighting conditions with low resolution eye images. The results show that HOG features combined with SVM classifier outperforms all other methods with an accuracy of 85.62% when tested on images taken from a totally unknown dataset.
Leo Pauly, Deepa Sankar,"Non Intrusive Eye Blink Detection from Low Resolution Images Using HOG-SVM Classifier", International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing(IJIGSP), Vol.8, No.10, pp.11-18, 2016. DOI: 10.5815/ijigsp.2016.10.02
[1]Rosa, Guillermo M., and María L. Elizondo. "Use of a gesture user interface as a touchless image navigation system in dental surgery: Case series report",Imaging science in dentistry 44, no. 2, pp.155-160, 2014.
[2]Mazzei, Daniele, Nicole Lazzeri, David Hanson, and Danilo De Rossi. "Hefes: An hybrid engine for facial expressions synthesis to control human-like androids and avatars", In proceedings of 4th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), pp. 195-200, 2012.
[3]Corcoran, Peter M., Florin Nanu, Stefan Petrescu, and PetronelBigioi. "Real-time eye gaze tracking for gaming design and consumer electronics systems", In IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol58, no. 2, pp.347-355, 2012.
[4]Jips, J., DiMattia, P., Curran, F., Olivieri, P."Using EagleEyes-an electrodes based device for controlling the computer with your eyes-to help people with special needs", In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, vol. 1, pp. 77–83, 1996.
[5]Dinh, Hai, Emil Jovanov, and Reza Adhami. "Eye blink detection using intensity vertical projection", In proceedings of International Multi-Conference on Engineering and Technological Innovation (IMETI), 2012.
[6]Lalonde, Marc, David Byrns, Langis Gagnon, Normand Teasdale, and Denis Laurendeau. "Real-time eye blink detection with GPU-based SIFT tracking", In proceedings of Fourth Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, pp. 481-487, IEEE, 2007.
[7]Królak, Aleksandra, and Paweł Strumiłło. "Eye-blink detection system for human–computer interaction", In Universal Access in the Information Society, vol.11, no. 4, pp. 409-419, 2012.
[8]Ishimaru, Shoya, Kai Kunze, Koichi Kise, Jens Weppner, Andreas Dengel, Paul Lukowicz, and Andreas Bulling. "In the blink of an eye: combining head motion and eye blink frequency for activity recognition with google glass", In Proceedings of the 5th Augmented Human International Conference, pp.15, ACM, 2014.
[9]Ji, Qiang, Zhiwei Zhu, and PeilinLan. "Real-time nonintrusive monitoring and prediction of driver fatigue", In IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, no.4, pp.1052-1068, 2004.
[10]Li, Jiang-Wei. "Eye blink detection based on multiple Gabor response waves", in proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Vol.5, IEEE, 2008.
[11]Belhumeur, Peter N, João P Hespanha, and David J. Kriegman. "Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: Recognition using class specific linear projection", In IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, no.7, pp.711-720, 1997.
[12]Blumenthal, Leonard Mascot. Theory and applications of distance geometry, Vol. 347, Oxford, 1953.
[13]Dalal, Navneet, and Bill Triggs. "Histograms of orientedgradients for human detection", In proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), vol. 1, pp. 886-893, 2005.
[14]Vapnik, Vladimir Naumovich, and VlamimirVapnik. "Statistical learning theory",Vol. 1,New York: Wiley, 1998.
[15]Cristianini, Nello, and John Shawe-Taylor. "An introduction to support vector machines and other kernel-based learning methods", Cambridge university press, 2000.
[16]Yegnanarayana, B. "Artificial neural networks for pattern recognition." In SadhanaAcademy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 189-238, Indian Academy of Sciences, 1994.
[17]Song, Fengyi, Xiaoyang Tan, Xue Liu, and Songcan Chen. "Eyes closeness detection from still images with multi-scale histograms of principal oriented gradients", In Pattern Recognition, vol.47, no. 9, pp.2825-2838, 2014.
[18]Huang, Gary B., Manu Ramesh, Tamara Berg, and Erik Learned-Miller. "Labeled faces in the wild: A database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments", In Technical Report, Vol.1, no.2, pp.07-49, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2007.
[19]Pan, Gang, Lin Sun, Zhaohui Wu, and Shihong Lao. "Eyeblink-based anti-spoofing in face recognition from a generic webcamera", in proceedings of IEEE 11th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 1-8, 2007.
[20]Stehman, Stephen V. "Selecting and interpreting measures of thematic classification accuracy", In Remote sensing of Environment 62, no.1, pp.77-89, 1997.
[21]Ye, Zhefan, Yin Li, AlirezaFathi, Yi Han, AgataRozga, Gregory D. Abowd, and James M. Rehg. "Detecting eye contact using wearable eye-tracking glasses", In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, pp.699-704, ACM, 2012.
[22]Gonzalez, Rafael C. Digital image processing, Pearson Education India, 2009.
[23]Sun, Yijia, StefanosZafeiriou, and MajaPantic. "A hybrid system for on-line blink detection", In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2013.
[24]Chau, Michael, and MargritBetke. "Real time eye tracking and blink detection with usbcameras", Boston University Computer Science 2215, no. 2005-2012, pp.1-10, 2005.
[25]Bacivarov, Ioana, MirceaIonita, and Peter Corcoran. "Statistical models of appearance for eye tracking and eye-blink detection and measurement", In IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.54, no.3, pp.1312-1320, 2008.
[26]Kamel, Mahmoud I., et al. "EEG based autism diagnosis using regularized Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis." International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing 4.3 (2012): 35.