Herbs are used in traditional medicine. There are so many herbs are spread across the world, it is difficult to memorize it all. This paper describes an android application to recognize herbs by their leaf characteristics (shape, veins, and keypoints). Shape and veins of leaves are recognized by Invariant Moment Method as the feature extraction. City Block Distance used to calculate the distance between the features. Whereas for detection and keypoints extraction using Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF on OpenCV library. This keypoints distance calculation using Brute-Force Hamming. Matching is done by calculating the shortest distance between test image and reference image. If the result is less than or equal to threshold then image is match. Experiment result show this application can achieve 79% of success rate by using keypoints. This result is influenced by glossy leaf surface, so there is many reflected light that become noise.

Automatic Pattern Recognition field has witnessed enormous growth in the past few decades. Being an essential element of Pattern Recognition, Document Image Analysis is the procedure of analyzing a document image with the intention of working out the contents so that they can be manipulated as per the requirements at various levels. It involves various procedures like document classification, organizing, conversion, identification and many more. Since a document chiefly contains text, Script Identification has grown to be a very important area of this field. A Script comprises the text of a document or a manuscript. It is a scheme of written characters and symbols used to write a particular language. Languages are written using scripts, but script itself is made up of symbols. Every language has its own set of symbols used for writing it. Sometimes different languages are written using the same script, but with marginal modification. Script Identification has been performed for unilingual, bilingual and multilingual document images. But, negligible work has been reported for Kashmiri script. In this paper, we are analyzing and experimentally testing statistical approach for identification of Kashmiri script in a document image along with Roman, Devanagari & Urdu scripts. The identification is performed on offline machine-printed scripts and yields promising results.

Ultrasound images suffer of multiplicative noise named speckle. Bayesian shrinkage in transform domain is a well-known method based on finding threshold value to suppress the speckle noise. The main problem of applying Bayesian shrinkage is finding the optimum threshold value in appropriate transform domain. In this paper, we compare the performance of adaptive Bayesian thresholding when nonsubsampled Wavelet, Contourlet and Shearlet transforms are used. We processed two synthetic test images and three original ultrasound images as well to demonstrate the efficiency of the designed filters. In order to compare the performance of Bayesian shrinkage when employing the three mentioned transform domain, we used peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), and structural similarity (SSIM) as the full-reference (FR) objective criteria parameters and noise variance (NV), mean square difference (MSD), and equivalent number of looks (ENL) as the no-reference (NR) objective criteria parameters.

The procedure of partitioning an image into various segments to reform an image into somewhat that is more significant and easier to analyze, defined as image segmentation. In real world applications, noisy images exits and there could be some measurement errors too. These factors affect the quality of segmentation, which is of major concern in medical fields where decisions about patients’ treatment are based on information extracted from radiological images. Several algorithms and techniques have developed for image segmentation and have their own advantages and disadvantages. Random walker method is a supervised segmentation method and it requires that it should be more efficient in producing effective segmentation results in case of medical images which are complex images. In the present paper, we are going to incorporate the advantages of fuzzy logic with a random walker to make resulting segmentation better in texture and quality. For this, we will use fuzzy rules to approximate boundaries in images which will improve segmentation results.

This paper presents a gait recognition method which is based on spatio-temporal movement characteristics of human subject with respect to surveillance camera. Different measures, like leg rise from ground (LRFG), the angles created between the legs with the centre of Mass (ABLC), angles created between the Centre of Mass Knee and Ankle with the (CKA), angles created between Centre of Mass, Wrist and knee (CWK), the distances between the control points and centre of Mass (DCC) have been taken as different features. Fourier descriptor has been used for shape extraction of individual frames of a subject. Statistical approach has been used for recognition of individuals based on the n feature vectors, each of size 23(collected from LRFG, ABLCs, CKA, CWK and DCCs) for each video frame. It has been found that recognition result of our approach is encouraging with compared to other recent methods.

Image analysis belongs to the area of computer vision and pattern recognition. These areas are also a part of digital image processing, where researchers have a great attention in the area of content retrieval information from various types of images having complex background, low contrast background or multi-spectral background etc. These contents may be found in any form like texture data, shape, and objects. Text Region Extraction as a content from an mage is a class of problems in Digital Image Processing Applications that aims to provides necessary information which are widely used in many fields medical imaging, pattern recognition, Robotics, Artificial intelligent Transport systems etc. To extract the text data information has becomes a challenging task. Since, Text extraction are very useful for identifying and analysis the whole information about image, Therefore, In this paper, we propose a unified framework by combining morphological operations and Genetic Algorithms for extracting and analyzing the text data region which may be embedded in an image by means of variety of texts: font, size, skew angle, distortion by slant and tilt, shape of the object which texts are on, etc. We have established our proposed methods on gray level image sets and make qualitative and quantitative comparisons with other existing methods and concluded that proposed method is better than others.

A good watermarking scheme should be able to perform equally well on all types of images irrespective of image contents because practically watermarking has to be applied to images of all types. In this paper, it is shown that in wavelet based spread spectrum technique, watermarking at level 1 decomposition is better for textured images while watermarking at level 2 decomposition is better for non-textured images to achieve maximum robustness against various types of attacks. The proposed wavelet decomposition level selection algorithm utilizes the edge histogram to classify the host image as textured or non-textured image and automatically selects the level of decomposition for robust watermarking. The use of Spread Spectrum watermarking technique and Bior6.8 wavelet, results better robustness. Performance of the proposed scheme and its relative effectiveness is demonstrated on both categories of images under different attacks.

Pavement crack detection plays an important role in pavement maintaining and management, nowadays, which could be performed through remote image analysis. Thus, edges of pavement crack should be extracted in advance; in general, traditional edge detection methods don’t consider phase information and the spatial relationship between the adjacent image areas to extract the edges. To overcome the deficiency of the traditional approaches, this paper proposes a pavement crack detection algorithm based on spectral clustering method. Firstly, a measure of similarity between pairs of pixels is taken into account through orientation energy. Then, spatial relationship is needed to find regions where similarity between pixels in a given region is high and similarity between pixels in different regions is low. After that, crack edge detection is completed with spectral clustering method. The presented method has been run on some real life images of pavement crack, experimental results display that the crack detection method of this paper could obtain ideal result.