In this paper, urban growth of Bangalore region is analyzed and discussed by using multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat satellite images. Urban growth analysis helps in understanding the change detection of Bangalore region. The change detection is studied over a period of 39 years and the region of interest covers an area of 2182 km2. The main cause for urban growth is the increase in population. In India, rapid urbanization is witnessed due to an increase in the population, continuous development has affected the existence of natural resources. Therefore observing and monitoring the natural resources (land use) plays an important role. To analyze changed detection, researcher’s use remote sensing data. Continuous use of remote sensing data helps researchers to analyze the change detection. The main objective of this study is to monitor land cover changes of Bangalore district which covers rural and urban regions using multi-temporal and multi-sensor Landsat - multi-spectral scanner (MSS), thematic mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic mapper plus (ETM+) MSS, TM and ETM+ images captured in the years 1973, 1992, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011. Temporal changes were determined by using maximum likelihood classification method. The classification results contain four land cover classes namely, built-up, vegetation, water and barren land. The results indicate that the region is densely developed which has resulted in decrease of water and vegetation regions. The continuous transformation of barren land to built-up region has affected water and vegetation regions. Generally, from 1973 to 2011 the percentage of urban region has increased from 4.6% to 25.43%, mainly due to urbanization.

This paper presents a hierarchical clustering algorithm for crop type classification problem using multi-spectral satellite image. In unsupervised techniques, the automatic generation of clusters and its centers is not exploited to their full potential. Hence, a hierarchical clustering algorithm is proposed which uses splitting and merging techniques. Initially, the splitting method is used to search for the best possible number of clusters and its centers using non-parametric technique i.e., clonal selection method. Using these clusters, a merging method is used to group the data points based on a parametric method (K-means algorithm). The performance of the proposed hierarchical clustering algorithm is compared with two unsupervised algorithms (K-means and Self-Organizing Map) that are available in the literature. A performance comparison of the proposed algorithm with the conventional algorithms is presented. From the results obtained, we conclude that the proposed hierarchical clustering algorithm is more accurate.