The internet was basically designed for the static nodes, but with the development of mobile nodes such as smart phones, that have wireless capabilities, the first design was insufficient. MNs change their point of attachment while they are roaming (traveling) in the internet, to maintain the survival of ongoing sessions for these mobile nodes, the internet requires techniques for managing mobility.. Currently, there are two types of mobility management protocols, host-based protocols and network-based protocols, the involvement of MN in the mobility process is must in the first type, while is unnecessary in the second type. The IETF standardized the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol in 2004, to overcome the limitations experienced by the host-based protocol, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) such as sub-optimal routing, handover latency, packet loss and single point of failure, however, the biggest drawback of PMIPv6 is the lack of inter-domain handover. This paper provides an efficient scheme based on standard PMIPv6 called (E-PMIPv6) to support inter-domain handover by introducing a new entity called (GLMA) which enables MN to traverse different domains while keeping the ongoing sessions, additionally; we use buffering techniques to preemptively lighten packet losses. The ultimate goal for the suggested scheme is to solve the scalability problem for the PMIPv6 and it is extensions to encourage network operators to deploy E-PMIPv6 for large networks. Results of preliminary analysis of handover latencies and related packet losses favored (E-PMIPv6) over two of the leading contenders.

Knowledge management is one of the contemporary developments that ensure today’s institutions generate, distribute and apply knowledge to help in administrative decision making, encourage creativity, increasing competitiveness and improving their performance. The study aimed to identify the degree of application of knowledge management concept in Sudanese banks, "Case study: Commercial Farmer's Bank". The study focuses on knowledge management and the statistical differences related to gender, age, academic qualification and period of service at the bank. To achieve the aim of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was used. The research relied on the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The study population consisted of bank employees in their various positions. A total of 60 questionnaires were distributed, of which 58 were returned for statistical analysis. The results of the study followed standard methodology based on the state of the arts researches. The study found that the degree of application of knowledge management was medium in the field of knowledge creation and acquisition, reaching 68% and high in the field of knowledge storage 74%, knowledge sharing 76% and knowledge application 77%. The results also showed that there were no statistical differences related to gender, age, academic qualification and period of service.